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Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcome of Prostate Cancer

Nathaniel Hawthorne

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Published in Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: Pathogenesis Epidemiology Diagnosis Treatment And Outcome

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Prostate Cancer Is The Most Common Cancer Among Men In The United States. Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: Pathogenesis Epidemiology Diagnosis Treatment And Outcome

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the United States, with an estimated 191,930 new cases and 33,330 deaths in 2020. It is a disease in which cells in the prostate gland become malignant and begin to grow out of control. The prostate gland is a small, walnut-shaped gland located below the bladder in men. It produces fluid that helps to nourish and protect sperm.

Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Outcome

by Philip K. Louie

5 out of 5

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Pathogenesis

The exact cause of prostate cancer is unknown, but there are a number of risk factors that have been identified, including:

Age: The risk of prostate cancer increases with age.
Race: African American men are more likely to develop prostate cancer than men of other races.
Family history: Men who have a father or brother with prostate cancer are more likely to develop the disease themselves.
Diet: A diet high in saturated fat and processed meat may increase the risk of prostate cancer.
Obesity: Obese men are more likely to develop prostate cancer than men who are not obese.
Smoking: Smoking cigarettes may increase the risk of prostate cancer.

Epidemiology

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the United States, with an estimated 191,930 new cases and 33,330 deaths in 2020. The incidence of prostate cancer has been increasing in recent years, due in part to the aging population. Prostate cancer is most common in men over the age of 65.

Diagnosis

Prostate cancer is often diagnosed with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test. The PSA test measures the level of PSA in the blood. PSA is a protein that is produced by the prostate gland. Elevated PSA levels may be a sign of prostate cancer, but they can also be caused by other conditions, such as prostatitis or an enlarged prostate.

If a PSA test is elevated, a biopsy will be necessary to confirm the diagnosis of prostate cancer. A biopsy is a procedure in which a small sample of tissue is removed from the prostate gland and examined under a microscope.

Treatment

The treatment for prostate cancer depends on the stage of the disease. The stage of the disease is determined by the size of the tumor, the location of the tumor, and whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Treatment options for prostate cancer include:

Surgery: Surgery is the most common treatment for prostate cancer. The goal of surgery is to remove the prostate gland and any surrounding lymph nodes that may be involved with cancer.
Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy may be used after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells or it may be used as a primary treatment for prostate cancer.
Hormone therapy: Hormone therapy is a treatment that uses drugs to lower the levels of testosterone in the body. Testosterone is a hormone that can promote the growth of prostate cancer.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Chemotherapy may be used to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body.

Outcome

The outcome of prostate cancer depends on the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis and the treatment that is received. The five-year survival rate for prostate cancer is 98% for men who are diagnosed with localized prostate cancer. The five-year survival rate is 83% for men who are diagnosed with regional prostate cancer and 29% for men who are diagnosed with distant prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is a serious disease, but it is one that can be treated successfully if it is diagnosed early. If you are a man over the age of 50, you should talk to your doctor about getting a PSA blood test. A PSA blood test can help to detect prostate cancer early, when it is most treatable.

Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Outcome

by Philip K. Louie

5 out of 5